Five recent articles on the history of math education in the 19th/early 20th century, culled from the H-Education "current journal articles" postings.
Crilly, Tony. "Arthur Cayley as Sadleirian Professor: A Glimpse of
Mathematics Teaching at 19th Century Cambridge," _Historia Mathematica_
26(2)(May 1999): 125-160.
Delve, Janet. "The College of Preceptors and the Educational Times: Changes for British mathematics education in the mid-nineteenth century," _Historia Mathematica_ 30(2)(May 2003): 140-172.
Kastanis, Andreas. "The teaching of mathematics in the Greek military academy during the first years of its foundation (1828-1834)," _Historia Mathematica_ 30(2)(May 2003): 123-139.
Herbst, P. G. "Establishing a Custom of Proving in American School Geometry: Evolution of the Two-Column Proof in the Early Twentieth Century," _Educational Studies in Mathematics_ 49(3)(March 2002): 283-312.
Silva da Silva, Circe Mary. "The Influence of Positivism on the Teaching of
Mathematics in Brazil, 1870-1930," _Historia Mathematica_ 26(4)(November
1999): 327-343.